xiv CIVIC AND NATIONAL RIGHTS 233
tions are liable to be cancelled whenever the Government
thinks fit to do so. In Czechoslovakia, where, in 1925, 5 per
cent of the Jews were aliens, as also in Vienna, their
naturalization is being carried out in accordance with the
rules laid down by the Peace Treaty. In 1931, 2230 Jews
were naturalized in Czechoslovakia, and in Vienna 21,750
during 1920-1926.
In Egypt, in 1927, 65-5 per cent of the Jewish population
were aliens (chiefly French, Italian, and British subjects).
This is explained by the fact that Jews who entered Egypt
as aliens, or without nationality, were loath to give up the
privileged position they enjoyed as foreigners. For the same
reason the Jews born in Tunisia are anxious to be granted
French citizenship, which is facilitated by the law of 1923;
between 1924 and 1930, 5265 of these were naturalized.
The second complaint, i.e. discrimination against the
Jews in the matter of official appointments, etc., is directed
against Roumania and Poland, and in a lesser degree also
against Austria and Hungary. But the climax was reached
in Germany, when, in the spring of 1933, the Nazi party
came into power. They passed a law forbidding "non-
Aryans" to hold official positions, and they carried through
wholesale dismissals of Jewish officials, professors, teachers,
judges, etc.
The third complaint is directed primarily against the
Hungarian and Roumanian Universities; nexfc against those
in Poland where the numerus clausus, formerly in force in
Tsarist Russia, is continued in practice. In Hungary it was
officially annulled in 1928 as a result of a complaint ad-
dressed to the League of Nations by the Jews. But the
Jews in Hungary are still in an inferior position as regards
admittance to Universities,, since preference is given to the
children of officials and members of other professions among
whom the percentage of Jews is small. In Poland they are
in a similar position, more especially in the medical pro-
fession. The scholarships offered by the State in Poland and